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Red Flag: “From the River to the Sea” Isn’t Banned After All (Maybe?)

In his weekly column, Nathaniel Flakin examines recent court decisions that question the legal foundation of the police violence in Berlin


05/06/2025

Resistance Demo

For the last 19 months, Berlin has seen a wave of unprecedented police violence against pro-Palestinian protests, as documented by human rights organizations. The legal basis for this is complicated. Germany’s Basic Law does not allow cops to beat up people for expressing disagreement with government policy. Instead, they often accuse Palestinians and their allies of violating Paragraph 86 of the German Criminal Code: “spreading propaganda material of anti-constitutional and terrorist organizations.”

This is the law used to prohibit swastikas and other Nazi symbols. Since November 2, 2023, Germany’s Interior Minister has claimed that this applies to a popular English-language slogan: “From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free.” Supposedly, this is an unmistakable symbol of Hamas.

As I’ve written before, this is ridiculous. The slogan is not banned in any other country, including Israel. How can a slogan dating back to the 1970s, used by myriad factions in different countries, be a clear marker of an organization founded in 1987?

In the last few months, Berlin courts have started to agree. Cargo Vargas, a student at the Free University and a member of the student council’s BIPoC department, was arrested at International Women’s Day in 2024 and charged with supporting a terrorist organization. In November of that year, the Tiergarten District Court in Berlin acquitted her, ruling that the slogan she shouted “is not exclusively a Hamas slogan,” and went further, declaring that even if it had been used specifically as a Hamas slogan, “this would be covered by the basic right to freedom of speech” in the concrete case.

The prosecutor’s office appealed, and in April, the Berlin Regional Court confirmed that, “in light of the fact that the phrase is an ongoing part of an international and heterogeneous protest movement against the actions of the Israeli armed forces and government in Gaza,” it is “doubtful” that it is a “hallmark of Hamas.” They added: “not every use of this phrase by a banned political organization can lead to the phrase being a characteristic object of identification” for said organization. This phrase is used by “various political actors to criticize Israel’s actions in Gaza.” (I am not a lawyer, and I’m translating these rulings freely.)

Put simply: Even though Nazis sing the German national anthem, the German national anthem is not banned as a Nazi symbol.

In practice, the entire legal framework of the anti-Palestinian repression is even more ridiculous than the courts are making it sound. The first activist convicted for using this slogan in August of last year was from a family of exiled Iranian communists. In court, she called for a democratic Palestine with equal rights for all. Is this seriously supposed to be a Hamas member? Does Hamas even use slogans in English as in-group signifiers? 

Two weeks ago, the Tiergarten District Court again ruled in favor of someone arrested for shouting the slogan “From the river to the sea…” at a protest at the Free University a year previously. This was reported extensively in the Irish Times. Once again, the prosecutor’s office is appealing. Lawyer Benjamin Düsberg says that although the written ruling has not yet been published, he expects this case will be a “game changer,” as the court spent three full days listening to evidence from experts and could produce a lengthy and precise ruling that “will convince other courts.”

At the moment, German courts have not ruled consistently—some are convicting, and others are acquitting. Ultimately, the Federal Court will have to decide.

So far, the court decisions have had no noticeable impact on Berlin police, who continue meting out unhinged violence against peaceful protestors. Even if they are eventually instructed that they can no longer use Paragraph 86, they will just try other laws, like Paragraph 140 or Paragraph 130. Politicians, especially Berlin mayor Kai Wegner, have been cheering for every beating.

At the moment, Israel is committing genocide in order to establish complete control of all territories between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea. In Germany, there are no legal restrictions on Zionists advocating ethnic cleansing. Yet demanding democracy, human rights, and equality “from the river to the sea” (in the form of a single socialist Palestine, for example) can justify state violence. 

We are in the middle of the Great German Reputation Laundering of 2025, when politicians and journalists who stridently defended the genocide are claiming they suddenly noticed the suffering of the Palestinian people. Even as the discourse shifts, however, these same politicians intend to continue shipping weapons to Israel—and they will keep beating up anything that disagrees.

These court decisions are a reflection of the fact that in polls, up to 80 percent of people in Germany don’t agree with the government’s unconditional support for Israel. We need to transform this passive support into action on the streets—that’s the only way to stop the repression.

Red Flag is a weekly column on Berlin politics that Nathaniel Flakin has been writing since 2020. After moving through different homes, it now appears at The Left Berlin.

3rd-10th June 1984 – Attack on the Golden Temple in Amristar

This week in working class history

In this week in 1984, the Indira Gandhi-led Indian administration stormed the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar in a military operation called Operation Blue Star. The aim was to kill Jarnail Singh Bhindrawale and other militants–encamped in the temple complex—who were demanding Indian adoption of the Anandpur Sahib Resolution that asked for greater autonomy of Punjab.

On June 3, the Indian Army stormed the Golden Temple complex—arguably the holiest Sikh site— on Gurupurab, a day of remembrance for Sikhs amidst a large presence of Sikh devotees who were unaware of the curfew and impending doom. No warnings were given to the civilians. The operation ended on June 10 with scores of civilians killed, the killing of Bhindrawale and other militants, and the Akal Takht destroyed.

In October of that year, Indira Gandhi was assassinated in Delhi by Sikh bodyguards which led to the ethnic cleansing of Sikhs nationwide, sponsored by the Congress party. The centre of events was the massacre in Delhi, and many perpetrators from that day continued to maintain political power, till today.

The Anandpur Sahib resolution was never implemented. Bhindrawale became a figurehead for the Khalistan movement—a secessionist Punjabi movement demanding a separate Sikh state—although he never demanded a separate Sikh nation. The movement continues till today, ebbing and flowing between ethno-nationalism and self determination.

The outrage over the military operation in Punjab was violently crushed in the following years, which led to widespread Sikh resentment with the Indian state, that continues today.

Letter to RSF International by 30+ Media Workers

Open letter signed by over 30 journalists to Reporters sans frontière regarding the RSF Germany report on press freedom


04/06/2025

A journalist is grabbed by a police officer

— Deutsch unten —

To RSF International,

It is with great dismay and disappointment that we have read the 2025 report from RSF in Germany (Reporter Ohne Grenzen) about the attacks on press freedoms. The report does not question German institutions for their wrongdoings – imposing censorship and media bias – while it proposes one main, distorted from the reality, conclusion: that pro-Palestine protesters are posing a threat to the freedom of the press in Germany.

We find that the methodology/approach used to conduct the report and the consequent outcomes that were derived from it do not align with RSF’s stated mission to “Act for the freedom, pluralism and independence of journalism and defend those who embody these ideals.” 

On one side, RSF in Germany centres its report against pro-Palestinian protesters without investigating the political context – that is to say, taking into account the consequences on the media reporting of Germany’s Staatsräson – intentionally avoiding to name the responsibility of the state in violations against press freedom.

On the other side, the report has neglected the reporting of violations of independent journalists covering the anti-genocide and pro-Palestine demonstrations while prioritising those coming from journalists abiding by the Staatsräson policies, who consider apriori antisemitic all protests against genocide, and therefore smear the protesters.

What is worse, it havely uses the reporting from journalists who are known to have violated journalistic ethics and that work for media organizations that display biased editorial policies motivated by their economic investments in the illegal settlements of the occupied West Bank, a condition that is in direct conflict with media independence and qualifies as media capture.

Despite many of us sending RSF Germany information and critique, now, with great frustration, we do not see our experiences reflected authentically in the final report. RSF shifted the responsibility to under-resourced journalists systematically discriminated against by the German state and institutions to fulfil RSF’s mission.  This shows that RSF while failing to offer consistent protection to the weakest among the journalists who are independent, risks to fail its mandate.

The main thrust of RSF Germany’s argument to dismiss the incidents is that those people are media activists and not journalists. Yet even in the case of Ignacio Rosaslanda, at that time an employee for the Berliner Zeitung, when they mention his assault by the police, it’s quickly followed uncritically by the police statement and justifications.

Indeed, RSF Germany’s criteria for who they pick as a journalist is not clear and in any case their definition of a journalist does not match Germany’s definition, but at a time when the traditional press has become either aligned with the government’s policies or journalists are too threatened to lose their job when they speak out (which is ironically the same Reporter Ohne Grenzen conclusion), how does excluding independent reporters who are constantly assaulted and threatened make sense in fulfilling RSF’s mission?

RSF Germany’s response to continued protests from many colleagues resulted in sending out a public call asking who they consider media activists to send in evidence of police aggression against press freedoms in November 2024. RSF Germany’s response to the grievances set forth here has been that they will not collect the data that is out there in abundance but it is up to every journalist to send it in to RSF Germany. That approach was not disclosed in their report.

Absent from the report is the state bias against non-Staatsräson reporters on the ground. For example, the police always stall to file reports of assault or press hinderance when they come from non Staatsräson journalists, but often approach those more aligned with their Staatsräson to file complaints.

RSF has also completely ignored that the German governments regularly select which journalists can have access to sites. As an example, in a private event called the Palestina Kongress, German police insisted on attending the event with journalists loyal to the state, creating tensions between the events’ organisers. This was a direct interference from the government which journalists should have ethically avoided, as according to the Munich Charter, “the journalist recognises, in professional matters, the jurisdiction of his colleagues only; he excludes every kind of interference by governments or others.”.

This kind of state -sponsored suppression of press freedoms are common among many independent journalists covering and documenting the protests as well as police violations. Recent cases have been widely circulating on social networks recently as well as over the past year and a half. However, RSF Germany ended up sidelining those incidents coming from independent journalists. 

The RSF mission page also states: “Our mandate is in the spirit of Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and of the major declarations and charters relating to journalistic ethics, notably the Munich Declaration of the Duties and Rights of Journalists.”

However it should also be noted that the bulk of the complaints on which RSF Germany bases its report come from two journalists in Berlin. One is photojournalist Yalcin Askin reporting for Jüdisches Forum für Demokratie und gegen Antisemitismus; an association that demands that Israel criticism be equated to antisemitism. The other is Iman Sefati working for Axel-Springer, who has demonstrably violated the Munich Charter – for example “Not to use unfair methods to obtain news, photographs or documents.” – as he published a video without credits and deliberately removed the audio while misinforming his audience in a now infamous deleted tweet. 

15 months after constant violence against protesters and numerous assaults against individuals documenting events, with plenty of NGOs falling short of their responsibility to speak out against such violations in the country, trust had been lost and for good reason.

The letter can be signed here.


An RSF International,

mit großer Bestürzung und Enttäuschung haben wir den RSF Deutschland Bericht 2025 über Angriffe auf die Pressefreiheit gelesen. Der Bericht hinterfragt nicht deutsche Institutionen hinsichtlich ihrer strukturellen Verfehlungen – wie etwa (Selbst)Zensur und Voreingenommenheit – und zieht stattdessen eine zentrale, jedoch verzerrte Schlussfolgerung: dass nämlich vor allem pro-palästinensische Demonstrierende eine Bedrohung für die Pressefreiheit in Deutschland darstellen würden.

Wir sind der Ansicht, dass die verwendete Methodik bzw. Herangehensweise bei der Erstellung des Berichts und die daraus gezogenen Schlüsse nicht mit der erklärten Mission von RSF übereinstimmen, nämlich „für die Freiheit, Pluralität und Unabhängigkeit des Journalismus einzutreten und jene zu verteidigen, die diese Ideale verkörpern.“

Einerseits stellt RSF Deutschland pro-palästinensische Protestierende in den Mittelpunkt der Kritik, ohne den politischen Kontext zu untersuchen – das heißt, ohne die Auswirkungen der deutschen “Staatsräson” auf die mediale Berichterstattung zu berücksichtigen. Er vermeidet es gezielt, die Verantwortung staatlicher Institutionen für Verstöße gegen die Pressefreiheit zu benennen.

Andererseits ignoriert der Bericht die Dokumentation von Übergriffen gegen freie Journalist*innen, die über anti-genozidale und pro-palästinensische Demonstrationen berichten, und räumt stattdessen jenen Vorrang ein, die im Einklang mit der Staatsräson und im Sinne der Polizei berichten – Journalist*innen also, die Proteste gegen den Genozid von vornherein als antisemitisch einstufen und somit die Demonstrierenden pauschal diffamieren.

Noch gravierender ist, dass der Bericht sich stark auf Berichterstattung von Journalist*innen stützt, die bekannt dafür sind, gegen journalistische Ethik verstoßen zu haben und für Medienhäuser arbeiten, deren redaktionelle Linie durch wirtschaftliche Investitionen in die illegalen Siedlungen im besetzten Westjordanland motiviert ist – ein Umstand, der in direktem Widerspruch zur Unabhängigkeit der Medien steht.

Trotz zahlreicher Hinweise und kritischer Rückmeldungen, die viele von uns an RSF Deutschland geschickt haben, sehen wir unsere Erfahrungen im finalen Bericht nicht authentisch wiedergegeben. Das frustriert uns zutiefst. RSF hat die Verantwortung auf unterversorgte, systematisch vom deutschen Staat und seinen Institutionen diskriminierte Journalist*innen abgewälzt, um seiner eigenen Mission gerecht zu werden. Damit läuft RSF Gefahr, seinen eigenen Auftrag zu verfehlen, indem es gerade jene am wenigsten schützt, die am dringendsten Schutz benötigen – unabhängige, freie Journalistinnen.

Das Hauptargument von RSF Deutschland, um Vorfälle zurückzuweisen, ist, dass es sich bei den Betroffenen angeblich um Medienaktivist*innen und nicht um Journalist*innen handle. Doch selbst im Fall von Ignacio Rosaslanda, der zum damaligen Zeitpunkt für die Berliner Zeitung arbeitete, wird seine Misshandlung durch die Polizei zwar erwähnt, jedoch unmittelbar danach unkritisch mit der Stellungnahme und Rechtfertigung der Polizei relativiert.

Tatsächlich ist nicht ersichtlich, nach welchen Kriterien RSF Deutschland entscheidet, wer als Journalist*in gilt. Ihre Definition entspricht jedenfalls nicht der in Deutschland geltenden. In einer Zeit, in der viele Redaktionen entweder auf Regierungslinie gebracht wurden oder Journalist*innen aus Angst um ihren Arbeitsplatz schweigen – was RSF ironischerweise auch selbst in seinem Bericht feststellt –, wie kann es da Sinn ergeben, ausgerechnet jene freie Reporter*innen auszuschließen, die konstant bedroht und angegriffen werden?

Die Reaktion von RSF Deutschland auf den wiederholten Protest von Kolleg*innen bestand darin, im November 2024 öffentlich dazu aufzurufen, dass sich jene, die von RSF als Medienaktivist*innen eingestuft werden, mit Belegen zu Polizeigewalt gegen die Pressefreiheit bei RSF melden sollten. RSF Deutschland erklärte damals auf entsprechende Beschwerden hin, dass sie keine Daten sammeln würden, obwohl diese in Hülle und Fülle vorhanden sind – vielmehr sei es die Aufgabe jedes/jeder Einzelnen, diese selbst einzureichen. Diese Herangehensweise wurde im Bericht zudem nicht transparent gemacht.

Im Bericht fehlt jeglicher Hinweis auf die strukturelle Voreingenommenheit staatlicher Institutionen gegenüber nicht-staatsräsonkonformen Reporter*innen. So zögern Polizei und Justiz regelmäßig, Anzeigen wegen Übergriffen oder Behinderung der Pressearbeit aufzunehmen, wenn sie von solchen Journalist*innen stammen, während sie gleichzeitig staatsräsonkonforme Medienvertreter*innen aktiv zur Anzeige ermutigen.

RSF ignoriert zudem völlig, dass staatliche Stellen systematisch auswählen, welche Journalist*innen Zugang zu bestimmten Orten erhalten. Ein Beispiel: Bei einer privaten Veranstaltung, dem Palästina-Kongress, bestand die Polizei darauf, gemeinsam mit staatstreuen Journalist*innen anwesend zu sein – was zu Spannungen mit den Veranstalter*innen führte. Diese staatliche Einflussnahme widerspricht dem journalistischen Ethos. Denn laut Münchener Erklärung gilt: „Der Journalist erkennt in beruflichen Fragen ausschließlich die Zuständigkeit seiner Berufskollegen an; er weist jede Einmischung von Regierungen oder anderen zurück.“

Diese Form staatlich unterstützter Unterdrückung der Pressefreiheit ist für viele freie Journalist*innen, die Proteste sowie Polizeiverstöße dokumentieren, Alltag. Zahlreiche aktuelle Vorfälle zirkulieren seit über einem Jahr in sozialen Netzwerken. Dennoch hat RSF Deutschland diese Fälle, die aus unabhängiger Berichterstattung stammen, letztlich marginalisiert.

Auf seiner Website erklärt RSF zudem: „Unser Mandat steht im Geiste von Artikel 19 der Allgemeinen Erklärung der Menschenrechte sowie der wichtigsten Erklärungen und Charta zur journalistischen Ethik, insbesondere der Münchener Erklärung der Pflichten und Rechte der Journalist*innen.“

Dabei sei darauf hingewiesen, dass sich ein Großteil der Beschwerden, auf die sich der Bericht von RSF Deutschland stützt, auf lediglich zwei Journalist*innen aus Berlin stützt. Einer davon ist der Fotoreporter Yalcin Askin, der für das Jüdische Forum für Demokratie und gegen Antisemitismus berichtet – ein Verein, der fordert, dass Israelkritik mit Antisemitismus gleichgesetzt wird. Der andere ist Iman Sefati, der für Axel-Springer arbeitet und nachweislich des öfteren gegen die Münchener Charta und journalistische Ethik verstoßen hat („Keine unlauteren Methoden zur Beschaffung von Nachrichten, Fotos oder Dokumenten verwenden.“). Er veröffentlichte ein Video ohne Urhebervermerk, entfernte gezielt den Ton und verbreitete in einem inzwischen gelöschten Tweet Desinformationen.

15 Monate nach anhaltender Gewalt gegen Demonstrierende und zahlreichen Übergriffen auf Menschen, die diese Ereignisse dokumentieren, während viele NGOs ihrer Verantwortung, solche Verstöße öffentlich zu verurteilen, nicht nachkommen, ist das Vertrauen – aus gutem Grund – verloren gegangen.

Der Brief kann hier unterschrieben werden.

Signatories:

Julian Daum, Journalist, Reporter, nd-aktuell u.a.

Shirin Abedi, Photojournalist

Ignacio Rosaslanda, Videojournalist

Wael Eskandar, Independent Journalist

Xénia Gomes Adães, Photojournalist

Nadine Essmat, Photojournalist and Lawyer

James Jackson, Journalist and Podcaster – Mad in Germany

Magdalena Vassileva, Photographer and Media Activist

Abir Kopty, Freelance Journalist

Cosimo Caridi, Journalist

Ralf Pleger, Filmmaker

Enrico De Angelis, Independent Researcher and Journalist

Anonymous, Photojournalist

Esra Gultekin, Photojournalist, Reporter

Jakob Reimann, Freelance Journalist

Alexandre Goudineau, Media Network Co-Director

Alessia Cocca, Photoreporter

Zaira Biagini, Photojournalist

Anonymous, Freelance Journalist

Anonymous, Freelance Journalist

Wu Qin, Freelance Journalist

Nathaniel Flakin, Freelance Journalist

You2mars, Photo Video Reporter

Roser Gari, Independent Journalist

Anonymous, Photojournalist

Žiga Brdnik, Freelance Film Critic and Editor at Prelom, Ljubljana Independent News

Cilia Klinger, Photojournalist

Anonymous, Freelance Journalist

Trifulka, Photographer

Anonymous, Freelance Photojournalist and Podcast Producer

Tariq Suleiman, Independent Editor and Researcher

Vedika Singhania, Freelance journalist

Extra Testimonies:

I have been assaulted several times by police, RSF has ignored my status as a journalist based on content on social media despite having a verified record of the assault.

Ich wurde während meiner Berichterstattung auf Demonstrationen mit palästinasolidarischem Bezug – deutlich als Pressevertreter erkennbar – in fast jedem Fall von Polizeibeamt*innen gestoßen, weggedrängt und an meiner journalistischen Arbeit behindert. In einem Fall im Sommer 2024, rannte ein Beamter, als ich eine Festnahme dokumentieren wollte (auch hier wieder deutlich durch offen um den Hals getragenen Presseausweis erkennbar), auf mich zu und schlug mir mit der Faust in den Magen. Nach langjähriger Erfahrung als Reporter auf Demonstrationen (darunter auch zahlreiche mit rechtsextremistischem Bezug) ist es mir wichtig festzustellen, dass meinen Beobachtungen nach das Ausmaß an unprovozierter Polizeigewalt und Eskalationsstrategien seitens der Polizei auf Veranstaltungen mit Palästinabezug, seit Beginn meiner Karriere als Reporter in Berlin beispiellos ist. Nie habe ich als unabhängiger Berichterstatter ein ähnliches Ausmaß an Polizeigewalt Grundrechtsverletzungen und Willkür erlebt.

I was repeatedly attacked while documenting the protests on the ground, despite clearly wearing my press card around my neck. In most instances, the aggression came from the police — including being pushed, denied access to areas where other journalists were allowed, and subjected to verbal provocations such as “you smell from your mouth.” I was also confronted by individuals from counter-demonstrations. Two of these incidents are documented on my Instagram account.

Berlin police pushed me over and broke two bones of my hand while I was filming a peaceful candellight vigil for the murdered Palestinians in Gaza in Berlin in September 2024. I’m also a victim of public smear campaigns against me as a filmmaker because of my open stance on Palestine.

As a former fellow of Reporters Without Borders in Berlin I see their methodology gravely lacking and the publishing of such defficient report as very unethical and harming to independent journalism

Third Left Journalism Day School

Report from our Event on 31st May 2025

On Saturday, 31st May, the Left Berlin editorial board organised our Third Left Journalism Day School. This follows similar events in November 2021 and May 2022. We are hoping that we can once more make the Journalism Day School a regular Event.

We were pleasantly surprised by the number of people who tried to register for the Journalism Day School. We had 95 registrations. Because of capacity, we unfortunately had to put some of these people on a waiting list. We apologise to anyone who we were unable to accept and hope that you can come to the next one. In the end, we had around 60 people attending the event.

The day started with 3 parallel workshops:

  • Katharina von Stackelberg from our tech team talked about The Politics of Graphic Design. You can see Katharina’s presentation here.
  • Cherry Adam from our social media team and Ignacio Rosaslanda from Unpublished.de talked about Journalism on the Go: How to Create Social Media Videos. You can see Cherry’s presentation here. In his talk, Ignacio referred to this video which he took of police beating people during the International Women’s Day demo.
  • Nick Babakitis from Corner Späti talked about How to Make a Podcast.

After a break for lunch, we had a second set of parallel workshops:

  • Palestinian journalist Farah Maraqa talked about Political Journalism – Ethics and Norms. You can see Farah’s presentation here.
  • Negro Matapacos from our editorial board talked about Interview Tips and Tricks.
  • Phil Butland, also from our editorial board, talked about Writing Book and Film Reviews. You can see Phil’s presentation here.

To conclude the day, we had a panel discussion with Farah Maraqa, Tina Lee, and Hebh Jamal on How the German media manufacture consent about Palestine. You can see Farah’s presentation here, and Tina’s here. Although we had some problems filming the panel, we did make an audio recording which will be available soon.

On the following day, we organised a second set of workshops, which were specifically aimed at how we apply what we have learned to our work on theleftberlin.com. Thanks to the people who had registered for Saturday, but still found time to attend this extra event.

The next step is an open meeting of our editorial board on Monday, 9th June at 3pm in the Agit buildings where we will discuss our future strategy for the website. One item on the agenda is an evaluation of the Journalism Day School and a discussion about whether we have the capacities to organise another one before the end of the year.

For people who are new to the editorial board and want to know more, we are holding an on-boarding session at 2pm. Please mail us at team@theleftberlin.com if you want to attend this session.

Thanks once more to everyone who attended. Below are some photos taken at the event by Inês Colaço.